Muscle contraction - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Muscle contraction

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

It has been suggested that Sliding filament model be merged into this article or section. (Discuss) Proposed since February 2011.

See also: Twitch and Tremor.

Top-down view of skeletal muscle

Muscle fiber generates tension through the action of actin and myosin cross-bridge cycling. While under tension, the muscle may lengthen, shorten or remain the same. Although the term contraction implies shortening, when referring to the muscular system, it means muscle fibers generating tension with the help of motor neurons (the terms twitch tension, twitch force, and fiber contraction are also used).

Voluntary muscle contraction is controlled by the central nervous system. Voluntary muscle contraction occurs as a result of conscious effort originating in the brain. The brain sends signals, in the form of action potentials, through the nervous system to the motor neuron that innervates several muscle fibers. In the case of some reflexes, the signal to contract can originate in the spinal cord through a feedback loop with the grey matter. Involuntary muscles such as the heart or smooth muscles in the gut and vascular system contract as a result of non-conscious brain activity or stimuli proceeding in the body to the muscle itself.

Contents

[hide]

• 1 Contractions, by muscle type
  • 1.1 Skeletal muscle contractions
    • 1.1.1 Classification of voluntary muscular contractions
  • 1.2 Smooth muscle contraction
    • 1.2.1 Invertebrate smooth muscles
• 2 Contractions
  • 2.1 Concentric contraction
  • 2.2 Eccentric contraction
    • 2.2.1 Eccentric contractions in movement
  • 2.3 Isometric contraction
• 3 Force-length and force-velocity relationships
• 4 See also
• 5 Additional images
• 6 References
• 7 External links